Lombardi & Segni Legal English Course - Lesson 13

12:00 B1
Class
Speaking - the advantage of non native speakers in an international English environment:

• you can buy time
• your thinking is less emotional 
• deliberate, cautious responses
• unreadable - people underestimate you 

Reading - approaching a difficult text 

Of Two Minds

https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21696489-advantages-working-your-own-language-are-obvious-those-working-foreign

Homework
Finish reading the article. What is your view? Do you agree?

Vocabulary
to bulldoze (over someone) = to get what you want in an unpleasantly forceful way
stumbling block = obstacle/problem that prevents you from doing something 
disingenuous = slightly dishonest or insincere
cluelessness = stupidity
boon (noun) = benefit
default - e.g. default setting/option
excruciating = extremely painful
to not get a word in (edgeways)
to call up = remember
sheer (adjective)  = complete
verbiage

Corrections
stressing stressful
a luna park an amusement park 

1:30 C1/C2
Class

1. Modals - error correction
2. Modals in legal contexts - may (for permission), shall (for promises, obligation and signalling future events)
3. Memorandum of association - synonyms. 

Homework
Finish of your analysis of the use of may and shall in the memorandum of association.

Going Further
Reading: Of Two Minds

https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21696489-advantages-working-your-own-language-are-obvious-those-working-foreign

Lombardi Segni & Associati - Legal English - Lesson 12

12:00 Level B1
Class
Speaking skills - Explaining an article Dolores O'Riordan
https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/miriam-lord-dolores-o-riordan-send-off-not-so-much-a-funeral-as-an-enfolding-1.3366145
Speaking Skills - Supporting the speaker, Interpreting silence
Source: Business Advantage pp. 124 - 125

Corrections 
interested/interesting
I am interested in  the story because the story is interesting. 

Homework
Read the articles on speaking English in International contexts:
Native English speakers must learn how they come across
https://www.ft.com/content/26692848-f59b-11e5-96db-fc683b5e52db
Of Two Minds
https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21696489-advantages-working-your-own-language-are-obvious-those-working-foreign

1:30 Level C1/C2
Class 
Modals continued - probability/necessity, error correction

Homework
Correct the following sentences: What do questions 7 and 9 tell you about the use of could for possibility?

1. As we become more aware of climate change, more people can choose not to fly.
2. Since 1966 the Government can pass 127 new laws.
3. The play has started, you don't have to enter the auditorium until the interval.
4. We couldn't get tickets to the concert last week but last night we could see it on the internet. 
5. I forgot my phone charger, will I borrow yours?
6. The robbery might be committed by someone who was working in the bank.
7. Why don't you come with us to the party, you could enjoy yourself.
8. The nurse mustn't have gone home, I only saw her in the clinic a minute ago. 
9. It's very likely that he will pass his exams but he still could not graduate this year.
10. Why did you spend all your wages? You must have saved some for the rent next week. 
11. It ought to have rained. The road is dry.
12. I can't see Mike. He should have already left.
13. I can't have phoned earlier but I completely forgot, sorry.
14. Thank you for your help. I shouldn't have done this without you. 
15. We can't have paid for the Visa, it's not necessary for Australia. I wonder if we can get our money back. 

Modals in Legal English
The use of May and Shall

http://www.ukessays.com/essays/languages/functions-of-modal-verbs-in-european-and-british-legal-documents.php

Corrections:
Commonly confused verb forms: deduct/deduce
It sounds me better better to me

Lombardi Segni & Associati - Legal English - Lesson 11

12:00 Level B1
Class
Speaking Skills - Supporting the speaker 
Writing Skills - introduction to formal and informal emails at work 
Source: Business Advantage pp. 116, 124 - 125

Corrections
part - party
changement - change

Vocabulary
sponsorship  versus support
to sort out
to get down on paper
to play around with = experiment
too strong a word
I'm not totally happy  softening bad news

Homework 
Prepare a short talk on a newspaper, magazine or internet article you have recently read (it might be easy to chose one in English as this avoids any translation problems). It doesn't need to be long (only 1 - 2 minutes) but make sure you include:

• where you saw the article
• what the article is about
• your opinion on the article

In the next lesson we are going to experiment with the supporting the speaker strategies we have looked at today while giving your talk. 

1:30 Level C1/C2
Class
Modals - Part One 

It is very important to know what use the modal is being put to as this will determine which structures are possible. Look at the difference when must is used to show obligation and when it is used to show deduction:

  

Obligation:

Present/Future: I must study hard for the exam.

Past: I had to study hard for the exam yesterday.

The opposite of must is mustn’t (prohibition) or don’t have to (lack of obligation)

Deduction:

Present/Future: He must be very rich, he drives an expensive car.

Past: He must have been very handsome when he was young.

The opposite of must is can’t.

Notes
http://seansenglishclassroom.pbworks.com/w/page/11442644/Modals

Homework
To Be Happy Lawyers (And Human Beings)
http://seansenglishclassroom.pbworks.com/w/page/101161204/To%20Be%20Happy%20Lawyers%20(And%20Human%20Beings)
Read the article and then analyse the use of modals. What modal auxiliaries has the author used and why has she chosen them?

Lombardi Segni & Associati - Legal English - Lesson 10

Lesson 10
12:00 Level B1
Class
Free Speaking - holidays and families
Goal Setting - aims for the new term
Language - the causative passive = to have/get something done
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxnmhmwWb7E


Homework
Choose a forum for recording and practising new vocabulary and structures. This can take the form of a diary or journal or you can go digital and create a blog or start a collection of voice recordings. the important thing is to practise new words, phrases, tenses and structures by creating sentences and making them your own. Recording them in writing on audio allows you to bring them into class and check them if you are not sure.

Corrections
complicate (verb) complicated (noun) 
depends of on 

Going Further - Viewing Suggestions
Dark (Netflix)

San Junipero - Season 3, Black Mirror (Netflix)

Get Out (DVD)

1:30 Level C1/C2
Class
Modals - Part One 

It is very important to know what use the modal is being put to as this will determine which structures are possible. Look at the difference when must is used to show obligation and when it is used to show deduction:

  

Obligation:

Present/Future: I must study hard for the exam.

Past: I had to study hard for the exam yesterday.

The opposite of must is mustn’t (prohibition) or don’t have to (lack of obligation)

Deduction:

Present/Future: He must be very rich, he drives an expensive car.

Past: He must have been very handsome when he was young.

The opposite of must is can’t.

Notes
http://seansenglishclassroom.pbworks.com/w/page/11442644/Modals

Homework
To Be Happy Lawyers (And Human Beings)
http://seansenglishclassroom.pbworks.com/w/page/101161204/To%20Be%20Happy%20Lawyers%20(And%20Human%20Beings)
Read the article and then analyse the use of modals. What modal auxiliaries has the author used and why has she chosen them?

Corrections
advice is an uncountable noun so therefore is always plural and never takes an indefinite article.
Can you give me an advice some/a piece of advice.